If a bill is vetoed, it is returned to the General Assembly. Canada's Prime Ministers, Governors General and Fathers of Confederation. Some former Commonwealth realms in Africa: Some former Commonwealth realms in Europe, Some former Commonwealth realms in Oceania, This page was last edited on 17 August 2021, at 16:23. She was the first Inuk to represent Canada as both the ambassador to Denmark and for circumpolar affairs. The Balkan Wars of 1912–13 led to the Greek acquisition of the so-called "New Lands" (Epirus, Macedonia, Crete and the islands of the eastern Aegean), almost doubling the country's territory. [78], Prime Minister Paul Martin followed Chrétien's example and, for Clarkson's successor, put forward to the Queen the name of Michaëlle Jean, who was, like Clarkson, a woman, a refugee, a member of a visible minority, a CBC career journalist, and married to an intellectual husband who worked in the arts. David Hurley was born in Wollongong, New South Wales on 26 August 1953, the son of Norma and James Hurley. [n 7][73], The governor general, as the representative of the Canadian sovereign, carries out the parliamentary duties of the sovereign in their absence, such as summoning Parliament, reading the speech from the throne, and proroguing and dissolving Parliament. [n 4] In such a circumstance, or if the governor general leaves the country for longer than one month, the chief justice of Canada (or, if that position is vacant or unavailable, the senior puisne justice of the Supreme Court) serves as the administrator of the Government of Canada and exercises all powers of the governor general. [3] The present version of the office emerged with Canadian Confederation and the passing of the British North America Act, 1867, which defines the role of the governor general as "carrying on the Government of Canada on behalf and in the Name of the Queen, by whatever Title he is designated". The essential reference for anyone who needs to write, spend an invitation, formally introduce, or speak to their local sheriff, pastor, judge, or city councilman. The governor general is a representative of the Sovereign in Canada, and the person who exercises the powers of the Crown.The Queen advised by the Prime Minister who is the head of government appoints the holder of the office of the Governor General. As such, the viceroy's secretary ex officio holds the position of Herald Chancellor of Canada,[85] overseeing the Canadian Heraldic Authority—the mechanism of the Canadian honours system by which armorial bearings are granted to Canadians by the governor general in the name of the sovereign. The governor general is official host to visiting heads of state and can represent Canada abroad. [85] These organized offices and support systems include aides-de-camp, press officers, financial managers,[84] speech writers, trip organizers, event planners, protocol officers, chefs and other kitchen employees, waiters, and various cleaning staff, as well as visitors' centre staff and tour guides at both official residences. Ornamentalism is a vividly evocative account of a vanished era, a major reassessment of Britain and its imperial past, and a trenchant and disturbing analysis of what it means to be a post-imperial nation today. Persuaded by the Queen, Roland Michener began to represent Canada abroad on state visits, and so did subsequent Governors General. Prior to 1952, all governors general of Canada were members of the peerage or heir apparent to a peerage. As the sovereign works and resides predominantly outside of Canada's borders, the governor general's primary task is to perform the monarch's federal constitutional duties on his or her behalf. "[28] This practice continued until 1999, when Queen Elizabeth II commissioned as her representative Adrienne Clarkson, a Hong Kong-born refugee to Canada. The sovereign has unrestricted freedom of choice ... We leave that to Her Majesty in all confidence. [55][56], Past governor general the Marquess of Lorne said of the job: "It is no easy thing to be a governor general of Canada. All persons whose names are put forward to the Queen for approval must first undergo background checks by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and the Canadian Security Intelligence Service.[29][30]. Define governor general. Extensive hospitality and travel within Canada make the governor general more familiar with the country, the people and the issues than most others can be. The executive branch includes the governor, lieutenant governor, attorney general, auditor of state, secretary of state, treasurer of state, State Board of Education, the governor's Cabinet, and boards and commissions whose members are appointed by the governor. governor general definition: 1. the main representative of a country in another country that is controlled by the first country…. Most recently, the group Citizens for a Canadian Republic has advocated the election of the nominee to the Queen, either by popular or parliamentary vote;[32] a proposal echoed by Adrienne Clarkson, who called for the prime minister's choice to not only be vetted by a parliamentary committee,[33][34] but also submit to a televised quiz on Canadiana. This means that they cannot represent private citizens in court either to bring an action on behalf of an individual, or to defend an individual. Pembroke Publishers. Found inside – Page 24... of the Governor General of the Philippine Islands for the Year Ended . ... at community assemblies explained to the people what we were trying to do . (E.g., "Mr. and Mrs. Smith", not "Her Excellency, the Governor-General". It is an historic event which represents the most important state ceremony within Canada's constitutional and ceremonial structure. [7] It should be remembered that while the governor-general does not normally take drastic action, he/she still has a responsibility to ensure that the constitution is respected and followed at all times. The most recently deceased former governor general, Roméo LeBlanc (1995–1999), died on 24 June 2009. [35] Constitutional scholars, editorial boards, and the Monarchist League of Canada have argued against any such constitutional tinkering with the viceregal appointment process, stating that the position being "not elected is an asset, not a handicap", and that an election would politicize the office, thereby undermining the impartiality necessary to the proper functioning of the governor general. Constitution, s 2; Australia Act 1986 (Cth and UK), s 7. Bermuda and Newfoundland, both left out of the Confederation, remained under the bishop of Newfoundland and Bermuda until 1919, when the bishop of Bermuda became a separate office from the bishop of Newfoundland. They are awarded to master's or doctoral students who have achieved the highest academic standing in their degree programs. The Lieutenant Governor of Quebec (/ l ɛ f ˈ t ɛ n ə n t /, French (masculine): Lieutenant-gouverneur du Québec, or (feminine): Lieutenante-gouverneure du Québec) is the viceregal representative in Quebec of the Canadian monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, who operates distinctly within the province but is also shared equally with the ten other jurisdictions of Canada, as well as the other . The Governor General has several duties related to Parliament.He or she appoints the Prime Minister as Head of Government and opens a new session of Parliament . Most of the modern, elected Pennsylvania attorneys general have been former prosecutors — either district attorneys or U.S. Found inside – Page 12Who does the Governor General represent? (Queen Elizabeth II) 2. Who recommends the person for this position? (the Prime Minister of Canada) 3. The chief law enforcement officer of the United States or of a state government, typically serving in an Executive Branch position. [114][115] As a result, the viceroys became largely nominal heads, while the democratically elected legislatures and the premiers they supported exercised the authority belonging to the Crown; a concept first put to the test when, in 1849, Governor-General of the Province of Canada and Lieutenant-Governor of Canada East the Earl of Elgin granted Royal Assent to the Rebellion Losses Bill, despite his personal misgivings towards the legislation.[116]. The Queen's commission for the governor general-designate is then read aloud by the secretary to the governor general and the required oaths are administered to the appointee by either the chief justice or one of the puisne justices of the Supreme Court; the three oaths are: the Oath of Allegiance, the Oath of Office as Governor General and Commander-in-Chief, and the Oath as Keeper of the Great Seal of Canada. Clarkson managed to bring the viceregal office back into the collective consciousness of Canadians, winning praise for touring the country more than any of her predecessors, her inspiring speeches, and her dedication to the military in her role as the Commander-in-Chief's representative. To a lesser extent, uncertainty has been expressed in Canada as to which officeholder—the monarch, the governor general, or both—can be considered the head of state. Canada's Monarch (King or Queen) is also Monarch of 15 other independent nations. In addition, the attorney general may be called upon to represent the United States in the Supreme Court in cases of exceptional importance. There was some trepidation about this departure from tradition and Massey was intended to be a compromise: he was known to embody loyalty, dignity, and formality, as expected from a viceroy. The governor leads the executive branch of each state, whose job it is to carry out the governor's policies. The presence of The Governor-General at cultural, educational and charitable events of national and local importance encourages nationwide interest and publicity. Lieutenant Governor Dan Patrick, Joint Chair Speaker Dade Phelan, Joint Chair Jeff Archer, Executive Director The mission of the Texas Legislative Council is to provide professional, nonpartisan service and support to the Texas Legislature and legislative agencies. [89][90] Additional costs are incurred from separate ministries and organizations such as the National Capital Commission, the Department of National Defence, and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police.[91]. The Governor General of Canada represents the head of State, Her Majesty the Queen of Canada.The Governor General also represents Canadians abroad when conducting State visits at the request of . For example: When appointed, a Governor-General of Australia issues a proclamation in his own name, countersigned by the head of government and under the Great Seal of Australia, formally announcing that he has been appointed by the monarch's commission, previously issued also under the Great Seal of Australia. The supreme executive authority in NSW is the Executive Council, consisting of the Ministers, presided over by the Governor. [6] The governor-general is still the local representative of the sovereign and performs the same duties as they carried out historically, though their role is for the most part ceremonial (or partly ceremonial). Since 1931 as each former Dominion has patriated its constitution from the UK, the convention has become law, or, since 1947, when the first realms established with a patriated constitution, India and Pakistan, were established, was always law, and no government of any realm can advise the Monarch on any matter pertaining to another realm, including the appointment of a governor-general. The Queen, on the advice of her Canadian prime minister,[1] appoints a governor general to carry on the Government of Canada in her own right, and, as ex officio viceroy, most of her constitutional and ceremonial duties, that is, the royal prerogative. Found insideRender (v.tr.): to submit, as for consideration; to give or make available; to give what is due or owed; to give in return, or retribution; to surrender; to yield. The office of governor general is also charged with symbolizing national community and . Found inside – Page 3871The Governor - General appoints the Premier as the person who , in the ... in which case this Constitution would cease to have effect in the island of Nevis ... The first exception to this rule was New Zealand, which was granted Dominion status in 1907, but it was not until 28 June 1917 that Arthur Foljambe, 2nd Earl of Liverpool, was appointed the first Governor-General of New Zealand. During the transition period, the Governor General Designate undertakes a series of briefings with various members of government, ensuring he or she will be able to step into the role of Governor General without difficulty. The Governor General has important parliamentary responsibilities: The Governor General is also Commander-in-Chief of Canada. The following are among the responsibilities of Canada's Governor General, all of which are undertaken in the name of The Queen: Appointed by The Queen on the advice of the Prime Minister, the Governor General usually holds office for 5 years. Michaëlle Jean has toured Africa, represented Canada at the installation of the President of Haiti and Argentina, made a state visit to Brazil and visited Canadian troops in Afghanistan twice on behalf of Canadians . Different realms have different constitutional arrangements governing who acts in place of the governor-general in the event of his or her death, resignation, or incapacity. [78] Queen Elizabeth II stated in 1959 to then Governor General Vincent Massey "maintain[ing] the right relationship between the Crown and the people of Canada [is] the most important function among the many duties of the appointment which you have held with such distinction. All of these honours are retained following an incumbent's departure from office, with the individual remaining in the highest categories of the orders, and they may also be further distinguished with induction into other orders or the receipt of other awards. Define governor general. Today, therefore, in former British colonies that are now independent Commonwealth realms, the governor-general is constitutionally the representative of the monarch in his or her state and may exercise the reserve powers of the monarch according to their own constitutional authority. Found inside – Page 231The office of Governor- did notwmmission a Canadian to take the picture but ... If Governors—General represented the people, the people would have to have ... Information and translations of governor-general in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web. Once a year, at the official opening of Parliament, the Governor-General delivers the "Throne Speech". 1:01. Canada's national sentiment had gained fortitude through the country's sacrifices on the battlefields of the First World War and, by war's end, the interference of the British government in Canadian affairs was causing ever-increasing discontent amongst Canadian officials;[n 11] in 1918, the Toronto Star was even advocating the end of the office. Although required by the tenets of constitutional monarchy to be nonpartisan while in office, governors general were often former politicians; a number held seats in the British House of Lords by virtue of their inclusion in the peerage. As such they notionally held the prerogative powers of the monarch, and also held the executive power of the country to which they were assigned. The Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia is the representative of the Australian monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II.As the Queen is concurrently the monarch of 15 other Commonwealth realms, and resides in the United Kingdom, she, on the advice of her prime minister, appoints a governor-general to carry out constitutional duties within the Commonwealth of Australia. Since the 1950s, the title governor-general has been given to all representatives of the sovereign in independent Commonwealth realms. Mary Simon gives her address after taking the oath to become the 30th Governor General of Canada in Ottawa on Monday, July 26, 2021. The Governor-General is represented in each parish by a Custos Rotulorum. You must have the patience of a saint, the smile of a cherub, the generosity of an Indian prince, and the back of a camel",[57] and the Earl of Dufferin stated that the governor general is "A representative of all that is august, stable, and sedate in the government, the history, and the traditions of the country; incapable of partizanship, and lifted far above the atmosphere of faction; without adherents to reward or opponents to oust from office; docile to the suggestions of his Ministers, and yet securing to the people the certainty of being able to get rid of an Administration or Parliament the moment either had forfeited their confidence. "[160] It was theorized by Peter Boyce that this was due, in part, to widespread misunderstanding about the governor general's role coupled with a lack of public presence compared to the media coverage dedicated to the increasingly presidentialized prime minister. On the advice of the colonial secretary, and to avoid conflict with the cabinet of Canada, the Marquess did eventually concede, and released St-Just from duty. "[62] The office itself does not, however, independently possess any powers of the royal prerogative, only exercising the Crown's powers with its permission; a fact the Constitution Act, 1867 left unchanged. All bills passed by the Assembly in order to be placed in the Statute Book must receive the assent of the Governor. Finally, in 1955, the Governorate-General of Northern Greece was transformed into the Ministry of Northern Greece, and all other governorates-general elsewhere in Greece were abolished. In British constitutional practice, the powers of a governor-general, like those of a governor . His birthplace aside, though, the professional author took further than any of his predecessors the idea of a distinct Canadian identity,[135] travelling the length and breadth of the country, including, for the first time for a governor general, the Arctic regions. Report to the General Assembly and the citizens of Indiana on the condition of the state each January. The appointment in 1916 of the Duke of Devonshire as governor general caused political problems, as Canadian prime minister Robert Borden had, counter to established common practice, not been consulted on the matter by his British counterpart, The ministers in attendance at the Imperial Conference agreed that: "In our opinion it is an essential consequence of the equality of status existing among the members of the British Commonwealth of Nations that the Governor General of a Dominion is the representative of the Crown, holding in all essential respects the same position in relation to the administration of public affairs in the Dominion as is held by His Majesty the King in Great Britain, and that he is not the representative or agent of His Majesty's Government in Great Britain or of any Department of that Government.". [9] The governor general also serves as honorary Colonel of three household regiments: the Governor General's Horse Guards, Governor General's Foot Guards and Canadian Grenadier Guards. "[24] However, between 1867 and 1931, governors general were appointed by the monarch on the advice of the British Cabinet. This arrangement continued after the reunification in 1840 of Upper and Lower Canada into the Province of Canada, and the establishment of the Dominion of Canada in 1867. These actions, however, led to conflict with the prime minister at the time, Robert Borden; though the latter placed blame on Military Secretary Edward Stanton, he also opined that the Duke "laboured under the handicap of his position as a member of the Royal Family and never realized his limitations as Governor General". Published: 17:38 EDT, 10 January 2020 | Updated: 04:38 EDT, 11 January 2020 . [78][149][157][158][159] As David Smith described it: "Notwithstanding the personal qualities of the appointees, which have often been extraordinary, the Canadian governor general has become a hermetic head of state—ignored by press, politicians and public. Bicameral Legislature A legislature consisting of 2 houses. war. In practice, most of these functions are only carried out on the advice of the Prime Minister. In Australia and New Zealand, the term is always hyphenated. His Excellency the Honourable Paul de Jersey AC CVO is the 26th Governor of Queensland and representative of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, Queensland's Head of State. Though Vanier was a native of Quebec and fostered biculturalism, he was not immune to the barbs of the province's sovereigntists and, when he attended la Fête St-Jean-Baptiste in Montreal in 1964, a group of separatists held placards reading "Vanier vendu" ("Vanier sold out") and "Vanier fou de la Reine" ("Vanier Queen's jester").[142]. granting coats of arms to Canadians who petition to receive them , History of the office of Governor General, The role and responsibilities of the Governor General, The Right Honourable Michaëlle Jean, 27th Governor General of Canada (September 27, 2005), The Right Honourable David Johnston, 28th Governor General of Canada (October 1, 2010), The Right Honourable Julie Payette, 29th Governor General of Canada (October 2, 2017), signing the letters of credence for outgoing Canadian diplomats, summoning, proroguing and dissolving Parliament, setting out the government’s program by reading the Speech from the Throne, giving Royal Assent, which brings parliamentary bills into law, recognizing the achievements of outstanding Canadians, travelling overseas as the representative of Canada, hosting and taking part in official events. With the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1763, France relinquished most of its North American territories, including Canada, to Great Britain. In most states, the attorney general has a substantial . ", "Hope for the Monarchy in Canada: The Provincial Crown", "John Fraser: When Quebecers loved the Crown (and why they stopped)", "Jean to squeeze in trip to China between royal tour hello and goodbye", "Governor General calling herself 'head of state' riles monarchists", "Governor General proposes two new options to recognize Constable Garrett", "Governor General to Dan Gardner: you're right", "Jean was right to stave off Bloc coalition", "Johnston named Canada's next governor general", "Payette's resignation shines light on expense account, pension for governors general", Proclamation Constituting the Office of Governor General and Commander-in-Chief of Canada, Governor General of the Province of Canada, Secretary to the Governor General of Canada, The Canadian Crown and Indigenous peoples of Canada, Public Register of Arms, Flags and Badges of Canada, World Wars and Interwar Years (1914–1945), Representatives of the monarch in Commonwealth realms and dominions, Faceted Application of Subject Terminology, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Governor_General_of_Canada&oldid=1042934644, Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments, Articles with dead external links from May 2016, Articles with dead external links from June 2015, Articles with dead external links from July 2017, Articles with permanently dead external links, All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Governor General Ramon John Hnatyshyn Education Fund, This page was last edited on 7 September 2021, at 14:08. The Governor-General is assigned a number of specific functions in the Constitution. The attorney general has constitutional authority to represent the state, its officers, and agencies in suits by or against the state. Dissolving Parliament and issuing writs for a . Lieutenant Governor: Succeeds the governor in office and presides over the senate. Michener was with de Gaulle when he made his infamous "Vive le Québec libre" speech in Montreal and was cheered wildly by the gathered crowd while they booed and jeered Michener. [138] During Tweedsmuir's time as viceroy, which started in 1935, calls began to emerge for a Canadian-born individual to be appointed as governor general; but Tweedsmuir died suddenly in office in 1940, while Canada was in the midst of the Second World War, and Prime Minister Mackenzie King did not feel it was the right time to search for a suitable Canadian. Following the changes to the structure of the Commonwealth in the late 1920s, in 1929, the Australian Prime Minister James Scullin established the right of a Dominion prime minister to advise the monarch directly on the appointment of a governor-general, by insisting that his choice (Isaac Isaacs, an Australian) prevail over the recommendation of the British government. [130] In addition, the Balfour Declaration also held that the governor general would cease to act as the representative of the British government. In Australia the present Queen is generally assumed to be Head of State, since the governor-general and the state governors are defined as her "representatives". This speech will set out the Governor General's vision for his or her term of office in bringing to life the important and ongoing role of the Canadian Crown in the life of our country and its citizens. She is making history as the first Indigenous person in this country to . Since then, the role of the Governor General has evolved. "[79] One way in which this is carried out is travelling the country and meeting with Canadians from all regions and ethnic groups in Canada,[76] continuing the tradition begun in 1869 by Governor General the Lord Lisgar. Letters of Credence or Letters of Recall are in some realms received or issued in the name of the monarch, but in others (such as Canada and Australia) are issued in the name of the governor-general alone. The monarch appoints a governor-general (in Canada: governor general) as a personal representative only on the advice of the prime minister of each realm; for example, the Governor-General of New Zealand is appointed by the Queen of New Zealand on the advice of the New Zealand prime minister, the Governor-General of Tuvalu is appointed by the Queen of Tuvalu on the advice of the Tuvaluan prime minister, and the Governor-General of Jamaica is appointed by the Queen of Jamaica on the advice of the Jamaican prime minister. In Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands, the Prime Minister's advice is based on the result of a vote in the national parliament. [80] He or she will also induct individuals into the various national orders and present national medals and decorations. This is the fourth such incarnation of the governor general's mark since confederation.[106]. It dates back to colonial times, when monarchs appointed governors to act as their intermediaries in State affairs. 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